5AIT | pdb_00005ait

A complex of of RNF4-RING domain, UbeV2, Ubc13-Ub (isopeptide crosslink)

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	UBC-like	8034195	3000570	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
E	SCOP2B Superfamily	UBC-like	8034195	3000570	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ubiquitin-like	8098440	3000157	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
F	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ubiquitin-like	8098440	3000157	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
D	SCOP2B Superfamily	UBC-like	8034189	3000570	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
G	SCOP2B Superfamily	UBC-like	8034189	3000570	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	zf-RING_2	e5aitA2	A: few secondary structure elements	X: RING/U-box-like	H: RING/U-box-like	T: RING/U-box	F: zf-RING_2	ECOD (1.6)
A	zf-C3HC4_4	e5aitA1	A: few secondary structure elements	X: RING/U-box-like	H: RING/U-box-like	T: RING/U-box	F: zf-C3HC4_4	ECOD (1.6)
B	UQ_con	e5aitB1	A: a+b two layers	X: UBC-like	H: UBC-like (From Topology)	T: UBC-like	F: UQ_con	ECOD (1.6)
E	UQ_con	e5aitE1	A: a+b two layers	X: UBC-like	H: UBC-like (From Topology)	T: UBC-like	F: UQ_con	ECOD (1.6)
C	ubiquitin	e5aitC1	A: a+b two layers	X: beta-Grasp	H: Ubiquitin-related	T: Ubiquitin-like	F: ubiquitin	ECOD (1.6)
F	ubiquitin	e5aitF1	A: a+b two layers	X: beta-Grasp	H: Ubiquitin-related	T: Ubiquitin-like	F: ubiquitin	ECOD (1.6)
D	UQ_con	e5aitD1	A: a+b two layers	X: UBC-like	H: UBC-like (From Topology)	T: UBC-like	F: UQ_con	ECOD (1.6)
G	UQ_con	e5aitG1	A: a+b two layers	X: UBC-like	H: UBC-like (From Topology)	T: UBC-like	F: UQ_con	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	3.30.40.10	Alpha Beta	2-Layer Sandwich	Herpes Virus-1	Zinc/RING finger domain, C3HC4 (zinc finger)	CATH (4.3.0)
B	3.10.110.10	Alpha Beta	Roll	Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme	Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme	CATH (4.3.0)
E	3.10.110.10	Alpha Beta	Roll	Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme	Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme	CATH (4.3.0)
D	3.10.110.10	Alpha Beta	Roll	Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme	Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme	CATH (4.3.0)
G	3.10.110.10	Alpha Beta	Roll	Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme	Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme	CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A	PF13639	Ring finger domain (zf-RING_2)	Ring finger domain		Domain
B, E	PF00179	Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UQ_con)	Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme	Proteins destined for proteasome-mediated degradation may be ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination follows conjugation of ubiquitin to a conserved cysteine residue of UBC homologues. TSG101 is one of several UBC homologues that lacks this active site cystein ...	Proteins destined for proteasome-mediated degradation may be ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination follows conjugation of ubiquitin to a conserved cysteine residue of UBC homologues. TSG101 is one of several UBC homologues that lacks this active site cysteine [4, 5].	Domain
C, F	PF00240	Ubiquitin family (ubiquitin)	Ubiquitin family	This family contains a number of ubiquitin-like proteins: SUMO (smt3 homologue) (see Swiss:Q02724), Nedd8 (see Swiss:P29595), Elongin B (see Swiss:Q15370), Rub1 (see Swiss:Q9SHE7), and Parkin (see Swiss:O60260). A number of them are thought to carry ...	This family contains a number of ubiquitin-like proteins: SUMO (smt3 homologue) (see Swiss:Q02724), Nedd8 (see Swiss:P29595), Elongin B (see Swiss:Q15370), Rub1 (see Swiss:Q9SHE7), and Parkin (see Swiss:O60260). A number of them are thought to carry a distinctive five-residue motif termed the proteasome-interacting motif (PIM), which may have a biologically significant role in protein delivery to proteasomes and recruitment of proteasomes to transcription sites [5].	Domain
D, G	PF00179	Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UQ_con)	Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme	Proteins destined for proteasome-mediated degradation may be ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination follows conjugation of ubiquitin to a conserved cysteine residue of UBC homologues. TSG101 is one of several UBC homologues that lacks this active site cystein ...	Proteins destined for proteasome-mediated degradation may be ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination follows conjugation of ubiquitin to a conserved cysteine residue of UBC homologues. TSG101 is one of several UBC homologues that lacks this active site cysteine [4, 5].	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A	E3 UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASE RNF4	aminoacyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein acyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity ubiquitin protein ligase activity transferase activity catalytic activity ubiquitin-protein transferase activity transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding nuclear receptor binding protein binding binding aminoacyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein acyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity ubiquitin protein ligase activity transferase activity catalytic activity ubiquitin-protein transferase activity transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding nuclear receptor binding protein binding binding DNA-binding transcription factor binding nuclear androgen receptor binding DNA binding nucleic acid binding ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme binding enzyme binding ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding SUMO polymer binding SUMO binding ubiquitin-like protein binding TBP-class protein binding general transcription initiation factor binding cation binding transition metal ion binding zinc ion binding ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding nuclear estrogen receptor binding identical protein binding protein-containing complex binding chromatin binding nucleosome binding	developmental process multicellular organismal process gonad development reproductive system development reproductive process sex differentiation animal organ development developmental process involved in reproduction male gonad development male sex differentiation multicellular organism development development of primary male sexual characteristics development of primary sexual characteristics anatomical structure development reproductive structure development developmental process multicellular organismal process gonad development reproductive system development reproductive process sex differentiation animal organ development developmental process involved in reproduction male gonad development male sex differentiation multicellular organism development development of primary male sexual characteristics development of primary sexual characteristics anatomical structure development reproductive structure development system development spermatogenesis sexual reproduction multicellular organismal reproductive process male gamete generation gamete generation cellular response to stimulus response to stimulus cellular response to ionizing radiation cellular response to radiation cellular response to environmental stimulus response to ionizing radiation cellular response to gamma radiation response to radiation response to abiotic stimulus cellular process cellular response to abiotic stimulus response to gamma radiation protein autoubiquitination primary metabolic process protein ubiquitination macromolecule modification metabolic process protein metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process post-translational protein modification protein modification process protein modification by small protein conjugation protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal catabolic process proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process proteasomal protein catabolic process protein catabolic process proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process modification-dependent protein catabolic process proteolysis ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process regulation of cellular component organization regulation of cellular process membraneless organelle assembly cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis regulation of protein-containing complex assembly cellular component assembly protein-containing complex assembly kinetochore organization cellular component organization or biogenesis regulation of biological process organelle assembly protein-containing complex organization biological regulation chromosome organization regulation of chromosome organization regulation of kinetochore assembly regulation of cellular component biogenesis regulation of organelle organization organelle organization kinetochore assembly regulation of organelle assembly regulation of localization protein localization to chromatin regulation of protein localization negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of protein localization to chromatin localization protein localization to chromosome macromolecule localization protein localization to organelle intracellular protein localization regulation of protein localization to chromatin negative regulation of protein localization protein K6-linked ubiquitination protein polyubiquitination response to human chorionic gonadotropin response to gonadotropin response to hormone response to endogenous stimulus response to chemical protein K63-linked ubiquitination protein K11-linked ubiquitination protein K48-linked ubiquitination cellular response to arsenic-containing substance cellular response to chemical stimulus response to arsenic-containing substance cellular response to testosterone stimulus response to ketone response to lipid response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound response to testosterone cellular response to lipid cellular response to ketone positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of biological process RNA metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of primary metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process positive regulation of metabolic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of cellular process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process positive regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription regulation of metabolic process regulation of cytoskeleton organization microtubule cytoskeleton organization cell cycle regulation of cell cycle chromosome segregation spindle organization cell cycle process regulation of cell cycle process regulation of microtubule-based process regulation of spindle organization spindle assembly regulation of spindle assembly microtubule-based process cytoskeleton organization regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization cellular response to nitrogen compound cellular response to hydroxyurea response to hydroxyurea response to nitrogen compound transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II response to estradiol response to peptide response to cytokine cellular response to cytokine stimulus	cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm membrane-bounded organelle nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen intracellular membraneless organelle cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm membrane-bounded organelle nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen intracellular membraneless organelle nuclear body membraneless organelle PML body
B, E	UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME E2 N	ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity aminoacyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein acyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme activity transferase activity catalytic activity ubiquitin-protein transferase activity enzyme regulator activity enzyme activator activity ubiquitin-protein transferase regulator activity molecular function activator activity molecular function regulator activity ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity aminoacyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein acyltransferase activity ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme activity transferase activity catalytic activity ubiquitin-protein transferase activity enzyme regulator activity enzyme activator activity ubiquitin-protein transferase regulator activity molecular function activator activity molecular function regulator activity ubiquitin-protein transferase activator activity protein binding binding ubiquitin binding ubiquitin-like protein binding RNA binding nucleic acid binding adenyl ribonucleotide binding nucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding purine nucleotide binding anion binding adenyl nucleotide binding ATP binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding small molecule binding ubiquitin protein ligase binding ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding enzyme binding	cellular response to stimulus regulation of cellular process response to stimulus regulation of double-strand break repair positive regulation of biological process regulation of cellular response to stress regulation of primary metabolic process positive regulation of response to stimulus nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of DNA repair cellular response to stress response to stress regulation of response to stress cellular response to stimulus regulation of cellular process response to stimulus regulation of double-strand break repair positive regulation of biological process regulation of cellular response to stress regulation of primary metabolic process positive regulation of response to stimulus nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of DNA repair cellular response to stress response to stress regulation of response to stress positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of cellular process DNA repair double-strand break repair regulation of biological process biological regulation primary metabolic process DNA metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process positive regulation of double-strand break repair nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of DNA repair positive regulation of DNA metabolic process regulation of response to stimulus DNA damage response metabolic process cellular process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of metabolic process regulation of DNA metabolic process DNA double-strand break processing positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction signaling regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction cell communication regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette signal transduction regulation of signaling positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction regulation of cell communication regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction positive regulation of signaling immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway immune response-activating signaling pathway immune response-regulating signaling pathway positive regulation of immune response regulation of immune system process positive regulation of immune system process cell surface receptor signaling pathway immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway immune response T cell receptor signaling pathway immune system process regulation of immune response antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway activation of immune response protein ubiquitination macromolecule modification protein metabolic process post-translational protein modification protein modification process protein modification by small protein conjugation protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal catabolic process proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process proteasomal protein catabolic process protein catabolic process proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process modification-dependent protein catabolic process proteolysis ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process DNA damage tolerance DNA replication protein polyubiquitination positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity RNA metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process positive regulation of molecular function nucleic acid biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of molecular function regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription protein K63-linked ubiquitination biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms response to other organism defense response defense response to symbiont response to external stimulus response to biotic stimulus defense response to virus defense response to other organism innate immune response antiviral innate immune response response to external biotic stimulus response to virus DNA recombination recombinational repair double-strand break repair via homologous recombination negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of cell communication negative regulation of TORC1 signaling negative regulation of TOR signaling negative regulation of cellular process regulation of TORC1 signaling TOR signaling regulation of TOR signaling negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of signal transduction TORC1 signaling regulation of protein modification process positive regulation of protein metabolic process regulation of protein ubiquitination positive regulation of post-translational protein modification regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination positive regulation of protein modification process regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal positive regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination positive regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal positive regulation of protein ubiquitination regulation of protein polyubiquitination regulation of post-translational protein modification regulation of protein metabolic process positive regulation of protein polyubiquitination protein monoubiquitination	extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle cellular anatomical structure extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol nucleus extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle cellular anatomical structure extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen nuclear lumen protein-containing complex ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex catalytic complex transferase complex intracellular protein-containing complex UBC13-MMS2 complex ubiquitin ligase complex
C, F	POLYUBIQUITIN-C	protein tag activity molecular tag activity ubiquitin protein ligase binding protein binding binding ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding enzyme binding	catabolic process proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process primary metabolic process protein catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process modification-dependent protein catabolic process proteolysis metabolic process cellular process macromolecule metabolic process protein metabolic process protein ubiquitination macromolecule modification catabolic process proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process primary metabolic process protein catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process modification-dependent protein catabolic process proteolysis metabolic process cellular process macromolecule metabolic process protein metabolic process protein ubiquitination macromolecule modification post-translational protein modification protein modification process protein modification by small protein conjugation protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal	membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure mitochondrial membrane mitochondrion membrane organelle outer membrane intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle organelle envelope cellular anatomical structure bounding membrane of organelle organelle mitochondrial envelope mitochondrial outer membrane membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure mitochondrial membrane mitochondrion membrane organelle outer membrane intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle organelle envelope cellular anatomical structure bounding membrane of organelle organelle mitochondrial envelope mitochondrial outer membrane outer membrane cytoplasm organelle membrane nucleus
D, G	UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME E2 VARIANT 2	-	cellular response to stimulus regulation of cellular process response to stimulus regulation of double-strand break repair positive regulation of biological process regulation of cellular response to stress regulation of primary metabolic process positive regulation of response to stimulus nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of DNA repair cellular response to stress response to stress regulation of response to stress cellular response to stimulus regulation of cellular process response to stimulus regulation of double-strand break repair positive regulation of biological process regulation of cellular response to stress regulation of primary metabolic process positive regulation of response to stimulus nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of DNA repair cellular response to stress response to stress regulation of response to stress positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of cellular process DNA repair double-strand break repair regulation of biological process biological regulation primary metabolic process DNA metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process positive regulation of double-strand break repair nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of DNA repair positive regulation of DNA metabolic process regulation of response to stimulus DNA damage response metabolic process cellular process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of metabolic process regulation of DNA metabolic process protein polyubiquitination protein ubiquitination macromolecule modification protein metabolic process post-translational protein modification protein modification process protein modification by small protein conjugation protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal DNA double-strand break processing protein K63-linked ubiquitination regulation of protein modification process positive regulation of protein metabolic process regulation of protein ubiquitination positive regulation of post-translational protein modification regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination positive regulation of protein modification process regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal positive regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination positive regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal positive regulation of protein ubiquitination regulation of protein polyubiquitination regulation of post-translational protein modification regulation of protein metabolic process positive regulation of protein polyubiquitination DNA damage tolerance error-free postreplication DNA repair DNA replication	extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle cellular anatomical structure extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex protein-containing complex catalytic complex transferase complex extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle cellular anatomical structure extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex protein-containing complex catalytic complex transferase complex intracellular protein-containing complex UBC13-MMS2 complex intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen nuclear lumen

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A	IPR043295	RNF4, RING finger, HC subclass	Domain
A	IPR017907	Zinc finger, RING-type, conserved site	Conserved Site
A	IPR013083	Zinc finger, RING/FYVE/PHD-type	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR047134	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF4	Family
A	IPR001841	Zinc finger, RING-type	Domain
B, E	IPR016135	Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme/RWD-like	Homologous Superfamily
B, E	IPR000608	Ubiquitin-conjugating (UBC), catalytic core domain	Domain
B, E	IPR023313	Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, active site	Active Site
C, F	IPR019956	Ubiquitin domain	Domain
C, F	IPR019954	Ubiquitin conserved site	Conserved Site
C, F	IPR050158	Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like	Family
C, F	IPR029071	Ubiquitin-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
C, F	IPR000626	Ubiquitin-like domain	Domain
D, G	IPR016135	Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme/RWD-like	Homologous Superfamily
D, G	IPR000608	Ubiquitin-conjugating (UBC), catalytic core domain	Domain

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
B, E	Pharos: P61088	Embryo Loss astrocytic tumor lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma osteosarcoma pituitary cancer invasive ductal breast carcinoma malignant ependymoma ovarian cancer psoriasis lung cancer oligodendroglioma Pick disease subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
D, G	Pharos: Q15819	astrocytic tumor malignant ependymoma ovarian cancer atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor malignant glioma Pick disease glioblastoma oligodendroglioma

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.