1DGH | pdb_00001dgh

HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE CATALASE 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE COMPLEX

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification
Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification SCOP-e Database Homepage

Chains	Domain Info	Class	Fold	Superfamily	Family	Domain	Species	Provenance Source (Version)
D	d1dghd_	Multi-domain proteins (alpha and beta)	Heme-dependent catalase-like	Heme-dependent catalase-like	Heme-dependent catalases	Catalase I	(Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
B	d1dghb_	Multi-domain proteins (alpha and beta)	Heme-dependent catalase-like	Heme-dependent catalase-like	Heme-dependent catalases	Catalase I	(Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
C	d1dghc_	Multi-domain proteins (alpha and beta)	Heme-dependent catalase-like	Heme-dependent catalase-like	Heme-dependent catalases	Catalase I	(Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
A	d1dgha_	Multi-domain proteins (alpha and beta)	Heme-dependent catalase-like	Heme-dependent catalase-like	Heme-dependent catalases	Catalase I	(Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
D	SCOP2B Superfamily	Heme-dependent catalase-like	8037386	3001681	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	Heme-dependent catalase-like	8037386	3001681	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	Heme-dependent catalase-like	8037386	3001681	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	Heme-dependent catalase-like	8037386	3001681	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
D	Catalase	e1dghD1	A: beta barrels	X: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase	ECOD (1.6)
D	Catalase_1	e1dghD2	A: alpha bundles	X: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase_1	ECOD (1.6)
D	Catalase-rel	e1dghD3	A: alpha bundles	X: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase-rel	ECOD (1.6)
B	Catalase	e1dghB1	A: beta barrels	X: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase	ECOD (1.6)
B	Catalase_1	e1dghB2	A: alpha bundles	X: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase_1	ECOD (1.6)
B	Catalase-rel	e1dghB3	A: alpha bundles	X: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase-rel	ECOD (1.6)
C	Catalase	e1dghC1	A: beta barrels	X: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase	ECOD (1.6)
C	Catalase_1	e1dghC2	A: alpha bundles	X: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase_1	ECOD (1.6)
C	Catalase-rel	e1dghC3	A: alpha bundles	X: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase-rel	ECOD (1.6)
A	Catalase	e1dghA1	A: beta barrels	X: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: Barrel domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase	ECOD (1.6)
A	Catalase_1	e1dghA2	A: alpha bundles	X: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: First alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase_1	ECOD (1.6)
A	Catalase-rel	e1dghA3	A: alpha bundles	X: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	H: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases (From Topology)	T: Second alpha-helical domain in heme-dependent catalases	F: Catalase-rel	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
D	4.10.91.20	Few Secondary Structures	Irregular	Cytochrome C Oxidase	Chain J	CATH (4.3.0)
D	2.40.180.10	Mainly Beta	Beta Barrel	Catalase HpII, Chain A, domain 1	Catalase core domain	CATH (4.3.0)
D	1.20.1370.60	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Hemocyanin, N-terminal domain		CATH (4.3.0)
B	4.10.91.20	Few Secondary Structures	Irregular	Cytochrome C Oxidase	Chain J	CATH (4.3.0)
B	2.40.180.10	Mainly Beta	Beta Barrel	Catalase HpII, Chain A, domain 1	Catalase core domain	CATH (4.3.0)
B	1.20.1370.60	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Hemocyanin, N-terminal domain		CATH (4.3.0)
C	4.10.91.20	Few Secondary Structures	Irregular	Cytochrome C Oxidase	Chain J	CATH (4.3.0)
C	2.40.180.10	Mainly Beta	Beta Barrel	Catalase HpII, Chain A, domain 1	Catalase core domain	CATH (4.3.0)
C	1.20.1370.60	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Hemocyanin, N-terminal domain		CATH (4.3.0)
A	4.10.91.20	Few Secondary Structures	Irregular	Cytochrome C Oxidase	Chain J	CATH (4.3.0)
A	2.40.180.10	Mainly Beta	Beta Barrel	Catalase HpII, Chain A, domain 1	Catalase core domain	CATH (4.3.0)
A	1.20.1370.60	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Hemocyanin, N-terminal domain		CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
B, D	PF06628	Catalase-related immune-responsive (Catalase-rel)	Catalase-related immune-responsive	-	Family
B, D	PF00199	Catalase (Catalase)	Catalase		Domain
A, C	PF06628	Catalase-related immune-responsive (Catalase-rel)	Catalase-related immune-responsive	-	Family
A, C	PF00199	Catalase (Catalase)	Catalase		Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
B, D	PROTEIN (CATALASE)	peroxidase activity oxidoreductase activity antioxidant activity catalase activity oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor catalytic activity cation binding ion binding binding metal ion binding small molecule binding identical protein binding protein binding nucleoside phosphate binding peroxidase activity oxidoreductase activity antioxidant activity catalase activity oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor catalytic activity cation binding ion binding binding metal ion binding small molecule binding identical protein binding protein binding nucleoside phosphate binding purine nucleotide binding adenyl nucleotide binding nucleotide binding heterocyclic compound binding NADP binding protein homodimerization activity protein dimerization activity tetrapyrrole binding heme binding aminoacylase activity hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds enzyme binding	response to amitrole response to stimulus response to chemical response to nitrogen compound response to xenobiotic stimulus catabolic process hydrogen peroxide metabolic process reactive oxygen species metabolic process metabolic process cellular process hydrogen peroxide catabolic process response to nutrient levels response to monosaccharide response to carbohydrate response to amitrole response to stimulus response to chemical response to nitrogen compound response to xenobiotic stimulus catabolic process hydrogen peroxide metabolic process reactive oxygen species metabolic process metabolic process cellular process hydrogen peroxide catabolic process response to nutrient levels response to monosaccharide response to carbohydrate response to nutrient response to oxygen-containing compound response to L-ascorbic acid response to vitamin response to lipid response to vitamin A regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process positive regulation of cell division biological regulation positive regulation of biological process cell division positive regulation of cellular process regulation of cell division primary metabolic process protein metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process hemoglobin metabolic process response to light stimulus response to light intensity response to radiation response to abiotic stimulus response to decreased oxygen levels response to hypoxia response to stress response to oxygen levels response to vitamin E response to hydrogen peroxide response to oxidative stress response to reactive oxygen species developmental process multicellular organismal process cellular developmental process ossification cell differentiation osteoblast differentiation aerobic respiration cellular respiration energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds generation of precursor metabolites and energy negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of biological process regulation of programmed cell death cell death negative regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of cellular process apoptotic process programmed cell death response to activity response to ozone cellular response to stimulus positive regulation of cell communication regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction positive regulation of signal transduction signaling regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction cell communication positive regulation of response to stimulus regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette signal transduction regulation of signaling positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cell communication phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction positive regulation of signaling secondary alcohol metabolic process sterol metabolic process steroid metabolic process cholesterol metabolic process alcohol metabolic process small molecule metabolic process lipid metabolic process cellular detoxification of hydrogen peroxide detoxification of inorganic compound detoxification cellular response to oxidative stress cellular response to chemical stress cellular oxidant detoxification cellular response to reactive oxygen species cellular response to stress cellular detoxification cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to hydrogen peroxide response to toxic substance cellular response to chemical stimulus detoxification of hydrogen peroxide cellular response to toxic substance response to UV UV protection response to alcohol response to ethanol ureteric bud development mesonephric epithelium development epithelium development kidney epithelium development mesonephros development tube development animal organ development tissue development renal system development multicellular organism development anatomical structure development kidney development mesonephric tubule development system development response to metal ion response to lead ion cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to growth factor stimulus response to endogenous stimulus response to growth factor response to hormone response to peptide hormone response to insulin response to inactivity neutral lipid metabolic process triglyceride metabolic process glycerolipid metabolic process acylglycerol metabolic process response to phenylpropanoid response to fatty acid response to cadmium ion response to estradiol response to hyperoxia response to increased oxygen levels	cellular anatomical structure membrane extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol cellular anatomical structure membrane extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol intracellular organelle peroxisome microbody intracellular membrane-bounded organelle catalase complex protein-containing complex catalytic complex oxidoreductase complex microbody membrane bounding membrane of organelle peroxisomal membrane organelle membrane peroxisomal matrix membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular organelle lumen organelle lumen microbody lumen mitochondrion anchoring junction cell junction focal adhesion cell-substrate junction intracellular vesicle ficolin-1-rich granule endomembrane system cytoplasmic vesicle ficolin-1-rich granule lumen secretory granule secretory vesicle vesicle lumen cytoplasmic vesicle lumen secretory granule lumen
A, C	PROTEIN (CATALASE)	peroxidase activity oxidoreductase activity antioxidant activity catalase activity oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor catalytic activity cation binding ion binding binding metal ion binding small molecule binding identical protein binding protein binding nucleoside phosphate binding peroxidase activity oxidoreductase activity antioxidant activity catalase activity oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor catalytic activity cation binding ion binding binding metal ion binding small molecule binding identical protein binding protein binding nucleoside phosphate binding purine nucleotide binding adenyl nucleotide binding nucleotide binding heterocyclic compound binding NADP binding protein homodimerization activity protein dimerization activity tetrapyrrole binding heme binding aminoacylase activity hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds enzyme binding	response to amitrole response to stimulus response to chemical response to nitrogen compound response to xenobiotic stimulus catabolic process hydrogen peroxide metabolic process reactive oxygen species metabolic process metabolic process cellular process hydrogen peroxide catabolic process response to nutrient levels response to monosaccharide response to carbohydrate response to amitrole response to stimulus response to chemical response to nitrogen compound response to xenobiotic stimulus catabolic process hydrogen peroxide metabolic process reactive oxygen species metabolic process metabolic process cellular process hydrogen peroxide catabolic process response to nutrient levels response to monosaccharide response to carbohydrate response to nutrient response to oxygen-containing compound response to L-ascorbic acid response to vitamin response to lipid response to vitamin A regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process positive regulation of cell division biological regulation positive regulation of biological process cell division positive regulation of cellular process regulation of cell division primary metabolic process protein metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process hemoglobin metabolic process response to light stimulus response to light intensity response to radiation response to abiotic stimulus response to decreased oxygen levels response to hypoxia response to stress response to oxygen levels response to vitamin E response to hydrogen peroxide response to oxidative stress response to reactive oxygen species developmental process multicellular organismal process cellular developmental process ossification cell differentiation osteoblast differentiation aerobic respiration cellular respiration energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds generation of precursor metabolites and energy negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of biological process regulation of programmed cell death cell death negative regulation of apoptotic process negative regulation of cellular process apoptotic process programmed cell death response to activity response to ozone cellular response to stimulus positive regulation of cell communication regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction positive regulation of signal transduction signaling regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction cell communication positive regulation of response to stimulus regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette signal transduction regulation of signaling positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cell communication phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction positive regulation of signaling secondary alcohol metabolic process sterol metabolic process steroid metabolic process cholesterol metabolic process alcohol metabolic process small molecule metabolic process lipid metabolic process cellular detoxification of hydrogen peroxide detoxification of inorganic compound detoxification cellular response to oxidative stress cellular response to chemical stress cellular oxidant detoxification cellular response to reactive oxygen species cellular response to stress cellular detoxification cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to hydrogen peroxide response to toxic substance cellular response to chemical stimulus detoxification of hydrogen peroxide cellular response to toxic substance response to UV UV protection response to alcohol response to ethanol ureteric bud development mesonephric epithelium development epithelium development kidney epithelium development mesonephros development tube development animal organ development tissue development renal system development multicellular organism development anatomical structure development kidney development mesonephric tubule development system development response to metal ion response to lead ion cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to growth factor stimulus response to endogenous stimulus response to growth factor response to hormone response to peptide hormone response to insulin response to inactivity neutral lipid metabolic process triglyceride metabolic process glycerolipid metabolic process acylglycerol metabolic process response to phenylpropanoid response to fatty acid response to cadmium ion response to estradiol response to hyperoxia response to increased oxygen levels	cellular anatomical structure membrane extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol cellular anatomical structure membrane extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region organelle extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol intracellular organelle peroxisome microbody intracellular membrane-bounded organelle catalase complex protein-containing complex catalytic complex oxidoreductase complex microbody membrane bounding membrane of organelle peroxisomal membrane organelle membrane peroxisomal matrix membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular organelle lumen organelle lumen microbody lumen mitochondrion anchoring junction cell junction focal adhesion cell-substrate junction intracellular vesicle ficolin-1-rich granule endomembrane system cytoplasmic vesicle ficolin-1-rich granule lumen secretory granule secretory vesicle vesicle lumen cytoplasmic vesicle lumen secretory granule lumen

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
B, D	IPR002226	Catalase haem-binding site	Binding Site
B, D	IPR011614	Catalase core domain	Domain
B, D	IPR018028	Catalase, mono-functional, haem-containing	Family
B, D	IPR010582	Catalase immune-responsive domain	Domain
B, D	IPR040333	Catalase, clade 3	Family
B, D	IPR024708	Catalase active site	Active Site
B, D	IPR020835	Catalase superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B, D	IPR024711	Catalase, mono-functional, haem-containing, clades 1 and 3	Family
A, C	IPR002226	Catalase haem-binding site	Binding Site
A, C	IPR011614	Catalase core domain	Domain
A, C	IPR018028	Catalase, mono-functional, haem-containing	Family
A, C	IPR010582	Catalase immune-responsive domain	Domain
A, C	IPR040333	Catalase, clade 3	Family
A, C	IPR024708	Catalase active site	Active Site
A, C	IPR020835	Catalase superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, C	IPR024711	Catalase, mono-functional, haem-containing, clades 1 and 3	Family

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
B, D	Pharos: P04040	acatalasia psoriasis rheumatoid arthritis non-small cell lung carcinoma status epilepticus breast carcinoma malignant glioma diffuse large B-cell lymphoma perinatal asphyxia Turner syndrome hyperthyroidism cardiomyopathy Marfan syndrome Neoplasm Metastasis keratosis acatalasia psoriasis rheumatoid arthritis non-small cell lung carcinoma status epilepticus breast carcinoma malignant glioma diffuse large B-cell lymphoma perinatal asphyxia Turner syndrome hyperthyroidism cardiomyopathy Marfan syndrome Neoplasm Metastasis keratosis Behcet disease cancer acute lung injury postmenopausal osteoporosis hypertensive disorder type 2 diabetes mellitus alcoholic liver cirrhosis chronic kidney disease aortic disease pulmonary edema visual epilepsy congestive heart failure gastric ulcer brain ischemia major depressive disorder diabetic autonomic neuropathy diabetic neuropathy hepatitis pulmonary embolism asthma fetal alcohol spectrum disorder diabetes mellitus diabetic polyneuropathy cholestasis mixed glioma myocardial infarction pulmonary fibrosis ischemia reperfusion injury astrocytic tumor pustulosis palmaris et plantaris non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fetal alcohol syndrome atopic eczema lung cancer osteosarcoma lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma partial fetal alcohol syndrome tuberculosis maturity-onset diabetes of the young Down syndrome inborn errors of metabolism fatty liver disease autism glioblastoma benign mesothelioma lung carcinoma ovarian cancer breast fibroadenoma malignant mesothelioma phobic disorder adenoma precancerous condition mesothelioma alcohol-related birth defect ulcerative colitis drug-induced liver injury hypotensive disorder interstitial cystitis lung adenocarcinoma glioma benign neoplasm pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma breast cancer malignant ependymoma heart failure systemic lupus erythematosus pituitary cancer toxic or drug-related embryofetopathy adrenal cortex carcinoma type 1 diabetes mellitus drug-induced dyskinesia primary ovarian failure ductal breast carcinoma in situ idiopathic interstitial pneumonia invasive ductal breast carcinoma myopathy
A, C	Pharos: P04040	acatalasia psoriasis rheumatoid arthritis non-small cell lung carcinoma status epilepticus breast carcinoma malignant glioma diffuse large B-cell lymphoma perinatal asphyxia Turner syndrome hyperthyroidism cardiomyopathy Marfan syndrome Neoplasm Metastasis keratosis acatalasia psoriasis rheumatoid arthritis non-small cell lung carcinoma status epilepticus breast carcinoma malignant glioma diffuse large B-cell lymphoma perinatal asphyxia Turner syndrome hyperthyroidism cardiomyopathy Marfan syndrome Neoplasm Metastasis keratosis Behcet disease cancer acute lung injury postmenopausal osteoporosis hypertensive disorder type 2 diabetes mellitus alcoholic liver cirrhosis chronic kidney disease aortic disease pulmonary edema visual epilepsy congestive heart failure gastric ulcer brain ischemia major depressive disorder diabetic autonomic neuropathy diabetic neuropathy hepatitis pulmonary embolism asthma fetal alcohol spectrum disorder diabetes mellitus diabetic polyneuropathy cholestasis mixed glioma myocardial infarction pulmonary fibrosis ischemia reperfusion injury astrocytic tumor pustulosis palmaris et plantaris non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fetal alcohol syndrome atopic eczema lung cancer osteosarcoma lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma partial fetal alcohol syndrome tuberculosis maturity-onset diabetes of the young Down syndrome inborn errors of metabolism fatty liver disease autism glioblastoma benign mesothelioma lung carcinoma ovarian cancer breast fibroadenoma malignant mesothelioma phobic disorder adenoma precancerous condition mesothelioma alcohol-related birth defect ulcerative colitis drug-induced liver injury hypotensive disorder interstitial cystitis lung adenocarcinoma glioma benign neoplasm pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma breast cancer malignant ependymoma heart failure systemic lupus erythematosus pituitary cancer toxic or drug-related embryofetopathy adrenal cortex carcinoma type 1 diabetes mellitus drug-induced dyskinesia primary ovarian failure ductal breast carcinoma in situ idiopathic interstitial pneumonia invasive ductal breast carcinoma myopathy

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.