9MIP | pdb_00009mip

CryoEM structure of the Protein Phasphatase 2A (Aalpha-B56gamma-Calpha) holoenzyme complex

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	ARM repeat-like	8038568	3000116	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	ARM repeat-like	8043105	3000116	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	Metallo-dependent phosphatases	8039778	3001067	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A	PF02985	HEAT repeat (HEAT)	HEAT repeat	-	Repeat
B	PF01603	Protein phosphatase 2A regulatory B subunit (B56 family) (B56)	Protein phosphatase 2A regulatory B subunit (B56 family)	-	Repeat
C	PF00149	Calcineurin-like phosphoesterase (Metallophos)	Calcineurin-like phosphoesterase	This family includes a diverse range of phosphoesterases [1], including protein phosphoserine phosphatases, nucleotidases, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterases and 2'-3' cAMP phosphodiesterases as well as nucleases such as bacterial SbcD Swiss:P13457 or ...	This family includes a diverse range of phosphoesterases [1], including protein phosphoserine phosphatases, nucleotidases, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterases and 2'-3' cAMP phosphodiesterases as well as nucleases such as bacterial SbcD Swiss:P13457 or yeast MRE11 Swiss:P32829. The most conserved regions in this superfamily centre around the metal chelating residues.	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A	Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform	protein antigen binding protein binding binding antigen binding enzyme regulator activity phosphatase regulator activity molecular function regulator activity protein phosphatase regulator activity phosphoric ester hydrolase activity phosphoprotein phosphatase activity protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds phosphatase activity protein antigen binding protein binding binding antigen binding enzyme regulator activity phosphatase regulator activity molecular function regulator activity protein phosphatase regulator activity phosphoric ester hydrolase activity phosphoprotein phosphatase activity protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds phosphatase activity hydrolase activity catalytic activity protein heterodimerization activity protein dimerization activity	cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly protein-containing complex organization protein-containing complex assembly cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis meiotic spindle elongation meiotic chromosome segregation sexual reproduction spindle elongation reproductive process microtubule cytoskeleton organization meiotic cell cycle process cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly protein-containing complex organization protein-containing complex assembly cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis meiotic spindle elongation meiotic chromosome segregation sexual reproduction spindle elongation reproductive process microtubule cytoskeleton organization meiotic cell cycle process meiotic nuclear division cell cycle chromosome segregation spindle organization cell cycle process meiotic cell cycle organelle fission meiotic spindle organization organelle organization nuclear division nuclear chromosome segregation microtubule-based process cytoskeleton organization mitotic nuclear division chromosome organization sister chromatid segregation mitotic cell cycle mitotic cell cycle process chromosome separation mitotic sister chromatid segregation mitotic sister chromatid separation catabolic process RNA metabolic process macromolecule catabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription nucleic acid biosynthetic process transcription by RNA polymerase II RNA surveillance RNA catabolic process transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter RNA polymerase II transcription initiation surveillance nuclear RNA surveillance primary metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process DNA-templated transcription initiation nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process biosynthetic process nucleic acid catabolic process metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process sister chromatid cohesion meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric centromeric sister chromatid cohesion meiotic sister chromatid cohesion cellular response to stimulus positive regulation of cell communication regulation of cellular process positive regulation of signal transduction response to stimulus signal transduction in absence of ligand signaling positive regulation of biological process regulation of signal transduction regulation of programmed cell death positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway cell communication positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of response to stimulus extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand signal transduction positive regulation of cellular process regulation of biological process regulation of signaling positive regulation of programmed cell death cell surface receptor signaling pathway regulation of apoptotic process biological regulation positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway cell death positive regulation of apoptotic process regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of response to stimulus regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand regulation of cell communication apoptotic process programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of signaling regulation of growth growth multicellular organismal process multicellular organismal-level homeostasis leukocyte homeostasis T cell homeostasis homeostatic process immune system process homeostasis of number of cells lymphocyte homeostasis multicellular organismal reproductive process female gamete generation gamete generation female meiotic nuclear division organelle assembly membraneless organelle assembly spindle assembly hippo signaling negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of biological process intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of cell communication regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of cellular process negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of hippo signaling negative regulation of signal transduction regulation of hippo signaling regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation cellular developmental process regulation of reproductive process cell development cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism developmental process involved in reproduction oocyte development cell differentiation anatomical structure development cell maturation regulation of cell cycle developmental process regulation of cell cycle process oogenesis regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation developmental maturation anatomical structure maturation germ cell development oocyte maturation oocyte differentiation regulation of developmental process regulation of cell differentiation	membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure mitochondrion organelle cytoplasm intracellular membrane-bounded organelle phosphatase complex protein-containing complex catalytic complex protein phosphatase type 2A complex protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex membrane membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure mitochondrion organelle cytoplasm intracellular membrane-bounded organelle phosphatase complex protein-containing complex catalytic complex protein phosphatase type 2A complex protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex membrane extracellular exosome extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle cytosol membraneless organelle chromosome, centromeric region intracellular membraneless organelle chromosome chromosomal region somatodendritic compartment cell projection dendrite dendritic tree neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection chromatin synapse cell junction glutamatergic synapse cytoskeleton microtubule cytoskeleton INTAC complex nucleus nuclear protein-containing complex cell body neuronal cell body cell periphery plasma membrane lateral plasma membrane FAR/SIN/STRIPAK complex
B	Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform	enzyme regulator activity protein phosphatase activator activity enzyme activator activity phosphatase activator activity molecular function activator activity phosphatase regulator activity molecular function regulator activity protein phosphatase regulator activity	cellular component organization organelle organization chromosome organization sister chromatid cohesion cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis cell cycle meiotic sister chromatid cohesion cell cycle process negative regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of biological process cell population proliferation regulation of cellular process regulation of cell population proliferation cellular component organization organelle organization chromosome organization sister chromatid cohesion cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis cell cycle meiotic sister chromatid cohesion cell cycle process negative regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of biological process cell population proliferation regulation of cellular process regulation of cell population proliferation negative regulation of cellular process biological regulation negative regulation of biological process cellular response to stimulus response to stimulus signaling signal transduction by p53 class mediator DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator intracellular signal transduction cell communication cellular response to stress DNA damage response response to stress signal transduction in response to DNA damage signal transduction cell death intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator apoptotic signaling pathway intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage apoptotic process intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway programmed cell death catabolic process proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process primary metabolic process proteasomal protein catabolic process protein catabolic process proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process modification-dependent protein catabolic process proteolysis ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process protein metabolic process	phosphatase complex protein-containing complex catalytic complex protein phosphatase type 2A complex protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure Golgi apparatus organelle cytoplasm intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system phosphatase complex protein-containing complex catalytic complex protein phosphatase type 2A complex protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure Golgi apparatus organelle cytoplasm intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system cytosol membraneless organelle chromosome, centromeric region intracellular membraneless organelle chromosome chromosomal region nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular organelle lumen nucleoplasm organelle lumen nuclear lumen
C	Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform	phosphoric ester hydrolase activity phosphoprotein phosphatase activity protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds phosphatase activity hydrolase activity catalytic activity cytoskeletal protein binding protein binding binding tau protein binding RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat S7 phosphatase activity RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat modifying activity phosphoric ester hydrolase activity phosphoprotein phosphatase activity protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds phosphatase activity hydrolase activity catalytic activity cytoskeletal protein binding protein binding binding tau protein binding RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat S7 phosphatase activity RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat modifying activity RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat phosphatase activity RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat S5 phosphatase activity cation binding ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat S2 phosphatase activity protein heterodimerization activity protein dimerization activity signaling receptor binding GABA receptor binding protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	developmental process anatomical structure development tissue development mesoderm development protein dephosphorylation dephosphorylation primary metabolic process macromolecule modification phosphate-containing compound metabolic process metabolic process cellular process protein metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process protein modification process developmental process anatomical structure development tissue development mesoderm development protein dephosphorylation dephosphorylation primary metabolic process macromolecule modification phosphate-containing compound metabolic process metabolic process cellular process protein metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process protein modification process phosphorus metabolic process regulation of growth regulation of biological process biological regulation growth cellular response to stimulus regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling negative regulation of signaling regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway canonical Wnt signaling pathway negative regulation of biological process regulation of signal transduction negative regulation of cell communication cell communication negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway negative regulation of cellular process signal transduction Wnt signaling pathway regulation of signaling cell surface receptor signaling pathway regulation of Wnt signaling pathway negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of signal transduction negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cell communication hippo signaling negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signal transduction regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of hippo signaling regulation of hippo signaling regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition multicellular organismal process regulation of developmental process cellular developmental process regulation of cell differentiation mesenchyme development cell differentiation negative regulation of cell differentiation regulation of multicellular organismal process negative regulation of developmental process animal organ development negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition epithelial to mesenchymal transition mesenchymal cell differentiation negative regulation of multicellular organismal process cellular response to oscillatory fluid shear stress response to oscillatory fluid shear stress response to fluid shear stress cellular response to stress response to stress vascular endothelial cell response to oscillatory fluid shear stress vascular endothelial cell response to fluid shear stress cellular response to fluid shear stress cell cycle mitotic cell cycle catabolic process RNA metabolic process macromolecule catabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription nucleic acid biosynthetic process transcription by RNA polymerase II RNA surveillance RNA catabolic process transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter RNA polymerase II transcription initiation surveillance nuclear RNA surveillance nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process DNA-templated transcription initiation nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process biosynthetic process nucleic acid catabolic process multicellular organismal-level homeostasis leukocyte homeostasis T cell homeostasis homeostatic process immune system process homeostasis of number of cells lymphocyte homeostasis regulation of cytoskeleton organization regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization regulation of cellular component organization microtubule cytoskeleton organization cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis regulation of protein-containing complex assembly cellular component assembly microtubule polymerization or depolymerization protein-containing complex assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis protein polymerization protein-containing complex organization regulation of microtubule-based process microtubule polymerization regulation of cellular component biogenesis regulation of organelle organization organelle organization regulation of microtubule polymerization regulation of protein polymerization regulation of supramolecular fiber organization microtubule-based process supramolecular fiber organization cytoskeleton organization regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus positive regulation of signal transduction pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly positive regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly response to biotic stimulus immune response-activating signaling pathway inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of immune response canonical inflammasome complex assembly regulation of immune system process positive regulation of immune system process innate immune response-activating signaling pathway positive regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway immune response response to other organism regulation of innate immune response response to external stimulus positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway regulation of inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway defense response to other organism regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly positive regulation of defense response activation of innate immune response regulation of immune response inflammatory response activation of immune response cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway regulation of defense response regulation of response to biotic stimulus biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms positive regulation of cellular component organization regulation of response to external stimulus intracellular receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of biological process regulation of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of response to stimulus positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly positive regulation of response to external stimulus immune response-regulating signaling pathway regulation of response to stress innate immune response response to external biotic stimulus positive regulation of cellular process positive regulation of innate immune response defense response positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis defense response to symbiont positive regulation of signaling response to metal ion response to chemical response to lead ion ribonucleotide catabolic process pyridine nucleotide catabolic process aerobic respiration negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process negative regulation of glycolytic process oxoacid metabolic process carbohydrate catabolic process organophosphate catabolic process carbohydrate derivative metabolic process regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy nucleoside phosphate catabolic process organic acid metabolic process negative regulation of ATP metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process regulation of ATP metabolic process regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic process regulation of small molecule metabolic process glycolytic process regulation of nucleotide metabolic process regulation of phosphate metabolic process pyridine-containing compound metabolic process small molecule metabolic process negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process purine ribonucleotide catabolic process negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process nucleoside phosphate metabolic process nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process pyruvate metabolic process regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process purine-containing compound catabolic process nucleotide metabolic process regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process purine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process regulation of nucleotide catabolic process regulation of phosphorus metabolic process nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process monocarboxylic acid metabolic process purine ribonucleotide metabolic process regulation of metabolic process pyridine-containing compound catabolic process ribose phosphate metabolic process cellular respiration ATP metabolic process negative regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process purine nucleotide metabolic process ribonucleotide metabolic process nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process nucleotide catabolic process negative regulation of nucleotide catabolic process negative regulation of catabolic process purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process purine nucleotide catabolic process carbohydrate metabolic process carbohydrate derivative catabolic process regulation of glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate ADP catabolic process carboxylic acid metabolic process regulation of catabolic process generation of precursor metabolites and energy regulation of glycolytic process purine-containing compound metabolic process ADP metabolic process organophosphate metabolic process negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process purine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process negative regulation of glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate regulation of cell cycle phase transition regulation of cell cycle process cell cycle phase transition regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition cell cycle G1/S phase transition regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition regulation of mitotic cell cycle regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle mitotic cell cycle process regulation of cell cycle G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle cell cycle process mitotic cell cycle phase transition sexual reproduction reproductive process meiotic cell cycle peptidyl-threonine dephosphorylation	intracellular organelle cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoskeleton spindle organelle membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle spindle pole microtubule cytoskeleton membrane extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle intracellular organelle cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoskeleton spindle organelle membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle spindle pole microtubule cytoskeleton membrane extracellular exosome membrane-bounded organelle extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle phosphatase complex protein-containing complex catalytic complex protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex cytoplasm cytosol chromatin chromosome FAR/SIN/STRIPAK complex mitochondrion intracellular membrane-bounded organelle protein phosphatase type 2A complex cell periphery plasma membrane chromosome, centromeric region chromosomal region membrane microdomain membrane raft INTAC complex nucleus nuclear protein-containing complex synapse cell junction

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A	IPR054573	Phosphatase PP2A regulatory subunit A/Splicing factor 3B subunit 1-like, HEAT repeat	Domain
A	IPR016024	Armadillo-type fold	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR021133	HEAT, type 2	Repeat
A	IPR011989	Armadillo-like helical	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR051023	Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit A	Family
A	IPR000357	HEAT repeat	Repeat
B	IPR016024	Armadillo-type fold	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR002554	Protein phosphatase 2A, regulatory B subunit, B56	Family
B	IPR011989	Armadillo-like helical	Homologous Superfamily
C	IPR047129	Serine/Threonine protein phosphatase PP2A-like	Family
C	IPR029052	Metallo-dependent phosphatase-like	Homologous Superfamily
C	IPR004843	Calcineurin-like, phosphoesterase domain	Domain
C	IPR006186	Serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase/bis(5-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase	Domain

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A	Pharos: P30153	microcephaly-corpus callosum hypoplasia-intellectual disability-facial dysmorphism syndrome intellectual disability Disease Exacerbation gastric neoplasm osteoarthritis hereditary diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma osteoarthritis susceptibility 1 rheumatoid arthritis gastric cancer
B	Pharos: Q13362	B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chromosomal Instability astrocytic tumor dermatomyositis gastric carcinoma lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma oligodendroglioma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma Pick disease thyroid gland papillary carcinoma interstitial cystitis malignant ependymoma osteosarcoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm psoriasis B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chromosomal Instability astrocytic tumor dermatomyositis gastric carcinoma lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma oligodendroglioma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma Pick disease thyroid gland papillary carcinoma interstitial cystitis malignant ependymoma osteosarcoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm psoriasis tuberculosis familial nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma large cell medulloblastoma ovarian cancer pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia
C	Pharos: P67775	asthma heart disease systemic lupus erythematosus adenoma astrocytic tumor coronary artery disease hereditary spastic paraplegia lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma osteosarcoma psoriasis tuberculosis allergic rhinitis atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor glioblastoma large cell medulloblastoma asthma heart disease systemic lupus erythematosus adenoma astrocytic tumor coronary artery disease hereditary spastic paraplegia lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma osteosarcoma psoriasis tuberculosis allergic rhinitis atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor glioblastoma large cell medulloblastoma malignant glioma ovarian cancer subependymal giant cell astrocytoma breast cancer lung adenocarcinoma myocardial ischemia plasma cell myeloma

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.